{"id":160,"date":"2025-04-14T13:02:14","date_gmt":"2025-04-14T12:02:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.coachwp.fr\/apple\/?p=160"},"modified":"2025-04-14T13:02:15","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T12:02:15","slug":"apple-investit-500-milliards-aux-usa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.coachwp.fr\/apple\/2025\/04\/14\/apple-investit-500-milliards-aux-usa\/","title":{"rendered":"Apple investit 500 milliards aux USA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Apple vient d’annoncer un investissement de 500 milliards de dollars sur 4 ans aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/a> Cela comprend notamment la construction d\u2019un nouveau site \u00e0 Houston dans l’\u00c9tat du Texas. Cette annonce fait suite aux nouveaux droits de douane annonc\u00e9s par Donald Trump, ciblant de 25% les importations de semi-conducteurs, essentiels pour Apple dans la production de ses t\u00e9l\u00e9phones.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Houston, Texas, USA Drone Skyline Aerial Panorama.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Historique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Retour en arri\u00e8re en 2022, lors du confinement en Chine<\/a>. \u00c0 ce moment, Shenzhen, principal centre de production \u00e9lectronique en Chine \u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9 sous confinement. Foxconn, qui assemble la plus grande partie des iPhone, ainsi que nombre d\u2019usines d\u2019assemblages des produits Apple et de fournisseurs se retrouve plac\u00e9e sous un confinement strict. Au total, la moiti\u00e9 de nos fournisseurs poss\u00e9daient des usines situ\u00e9es dans des zones sous confinement. L’impact \u00e9tait alors estim\u00e9 \u00e0 entre 4 et 8 milliards par Tim Cook, PDG d\u2019Apple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La raison de tout cela : la localisation de l\u2019essentiel de sa production en Chine et l\u2019absence de site de production aux USA.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment en est-on arriv\u00e9s l\u00e0 ? Le probl\u00e8me des puces<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous sommes confront\u00e9s \u00e0 de nombreux d\u00e9fis, des perturbations de la cha\u00eene d’approvisionnement provoqu\u00e9es \u00e0 la fois par le Covid et la p\u00e9nurie de puces, \u00e0 la d\u00e9vastation de la guerre en Ukraine\u201d<\/em> d\u00e9claration le 28 avril 2022 Tim Cook PDG Apple<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Pour rappel, le nom \u201cSilicon Valley\u201d, vient du silicium pr\u00e9sent dans les semi-conducteurs. Ceux-ci \u00e9taient alors produits en grande quantit\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion. Depuis, la situation \u00e0 bien chang\u00e9e et si cette vall\u00e9e reste un haut lieu de la production informatique \u00e0 travers le monde, elle est d\u00e9sormais loin d\u2019\u00eatre h\u00e9g\u00e9monique. Or, \u201cSelon les chiffres de la Maison Blanche, au cours des 30 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la part des \u00c9tats-Unis dans la production mondiale de semi-conducteurs est pass\u00e9e de 37 % \u00e0 12 % seulement. \u00c0 contrario, au cours des deux derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la part de la Chine dans la fabrication de puces a augment\u00e9 de pr\u00e8s de 50 %, au point qu\u2019elle repr\u00e9sente aujourd’hui environ 18 % de l’offre mondiale\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politique de soutien \u00e0 Apple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Quelques mois plus tard, en ao\u00fbt 2022, le gouvernement de Joe Biden annonce la mise en place du plan \u201cChips and Science\u201d. Lequel est destin\u00e9 \u00e0 relancer la production de semi-conducteurs aux USA. Ce plan pr\u00e9voit un investissement total de $250 milliards dont $54.2 milliards pour des subventions et de la R&D dans les semi-conducteurs. \u00c0 cela s’ajoute un cr\u00e9dit d\u2019imp\u00f4t estim\u00e9 \u00e0 $24 milliards pour la production de circuits int\u00e9gr\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats-Unis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Chips and Science act, Arthur Manceau \/ France Science<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Au-del\u00e0 des subventions, ce plan inclut \u00e9galement certaines mesures plus restrictives. On compte notamment l\u2019interdiction d\u2019implanter des usines de semi-conducteurs en Chine. Cela consiste aussi en la supervision par l\u2019Office of Science and Technology Policy<\/em> (OSTP) dans les activit\u00e9s de recherche avec des partenaires \u00e9trangers. Derni\u00e8re mesure : l\u2019interdiction pour les employ\u00e9s f\u00e9d\u00e9raux de participer \u00e0 des programmes \u00e9trangers de recrutement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concurrence Internationale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Si le gouvernement am\u00e9ricain s’affiche au soutien d’Apple, d’autres pays en font de m\u00eame. Le Japon, la Cor\u00e9e du sud et la Chine ont ainsi initi\u00e9 des plans d\u2019investissements comparables \u00e0 \u201cchips and science\u201d. Plus r\u00e9cemment, l’Europe \u00e0 \u00e9galement lanc\u00e9 son propre plan de soutien le Chips act en 2023.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quelques chiffres<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

D’apr\u00e8s le gouvernement am\u00e9ricain<\/a>, plus de 450 milliards ont \u00e9t\u00e9 investis par le secteur priv\u00e9 depuis l’annonce du plan chips and science, entre 2020 et 2024. Cela, cumul\u00e9 aux 53 milliards d’investissements publics, est estim\u00e9 pouvoir cr\u00e9er 125 000 emplois. En outre, 12 nouveaux sites industriels, r\u00e9partis entre l’\u00e9tat de New York et celui d’Arizona, sont attendus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Domination des semi-conducteurs par TSMC (Ta\u00efwan)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de la crise logistique provoqu\u00e9e par le retour du COVID en Chine, une entreprise est apparue sous le feu des projecteurs : TSMC pour Taiwanese Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. Celle-ci est leader mondiale parmi les fabricants de semi-conducteurs. Elle d\u00e9tient en effet 25% des capacit\u00e9s de production, contre 11% pour les \u00c9tats-Unis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En outre, elle repr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement 56% de la fonderie de puces au niveau mondial, \u00e9tape essentielle du processus industriel. Elle domine enfin dans la production des technologies de 7 nanom\u00e8tres et moins, o\u00f9 elle d\u00e9tient 90% des capacit\u00e9s mondiales. Cette entreprise est donc incontournable dans le secteur des semi-conducteurs, en plus de d\u00e9tenir un quasi-monopole pour ce qui est des produits de pointe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Semi-conducteur \/ Depositphotos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ces semi-conducteurs sont un des \u00e9l\u00e9ments-cl\u00e9s dans la production d\u2019appareils \u00e9lectroniques. Les produits d\u2019Apple ne font pas exception, TSMC \u00e9tant l\u2019un de nos principaux fournisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le fournisseur d’Apple au c\u0153ur de la G\u00e9opolitique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Au-del\u00e0 de leur importance \u00e9conomique, les semi-conducteurs rec\u00e8lent des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques strat\u00e9giques pour Ta\u00efwan. L’Etat fait de sa force dans le secteur, et tout particuli\u00e8rement de TSMC, son assurance-vie face \u00e0 la menace d\u2019invasion de l\u2019\u00eele par la Chine. Les clients am\u00e9ricains repr\u00e9sentent les deux-tiers du chiffre d\u2019affaires du grand fondeur ta\u00efwanais. Autant dire qu\u2019aux yeux des Etats-Unis, TSMC est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un sous-traitant vital. C\u2019est sans doute une des nombreuses raisons pour lesquelles Washington n\u2019h\u00e9site plus ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es \u00e0 afficher ouvertement sa d\u00e9termination \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre Ta\u00efwan en cas d\u2019attaque chinoise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Illustration by Sam Ward<\/em> \/ The Wire China<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trump, avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 annonc\u00e9 en 2020 <\/a>son intention de contraindre TSMC \u00e0 s\u2019implanter aux USA pour y produire ses semi-conducteurs. Lors de son retour aux affaires en janvier 2025, celui-ci \u00e0 annonc\u00e9 des droits de douane de l\u2019ordre de 25% sur les semi-conducteurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si jusque-l\u00e0 Apple n\u2019avait pas sembl\u00e9 r\u00e9agir, on \u00e0 pu apercevoir entretemps un consensus bipartisan \u00e9merger. Les politiques \u00e9conomiques protectionnistes ont ainsi fait leur grand retour. Cela \u00e0 commenc\u00e9 avec un premier volet incitatif par Biden en 2022, puis un plus restrictif par Trump en 2025. Apple \u00e0 fini par devoir s\u2019adapter et \u00e0 annoncer un plan d\u2019investissement massif sur le territoire am\u00e9ricain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les fournisseurs d’Apple s’implantent aux USA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

TSMC d\u00e9cide par ailleurs de s\u2019installer \u00e0 Phoenix en Arizona.<\/a> Ce choix \u00e0 probablement \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9 par la pr\u00e9sence sur place d\u2019ASM. Celui-ci est le principal fournisseur de TSMC en machines de gravure de pointe, outils indispensables pour la production de semi-conducteurs. L\u2019ouverture de 3 importantes usines de TSMC explique d\u2019ailleurs l\u2019annonce d\u2019ASM d\u2019y ouvrir un nouveau centre pour un montant de 324M$.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLe fondeur TSMC vient d’annoncer un investissement additionnel de 100 milliards de dollars aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/em>. Cela dans l’objectif de construire des usines et centres de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en Arizona. Au total, la firme aura investi 165 milliards de dollars dans le pays. Un enjeu strat\u00e9gique majeur.\u201d(mars 2025)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Apple vient d’annoncer un investissement de 500 milliards de dollars sur 4 ans aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Cela comprend notamment la construction d\u2019un nouveau site \u00e0 Houston dans l’\u00c9tat du Texas. Cette annonce fait suite aux nouveaux droits de douane annonc\u00e9s par Donald Trump, ciblant de 25% les importations de semi-conducteurs, essentiels pour Apple dans la production […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[]"},"categories":[6,11,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-apropos","category-industrie","category-newsroom"],"yoast_head":"\nApple investit 500 milliards aux USA - AppleLabs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Apple \u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d'investir 500 milliards aux USA en r\u00e9action aux droits de douane sur les semi-conducteurs pour en rapatrier la production.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apple investit 500 milliards aux USA - 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